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Genome-wide association study of long COVID

Lammi, Vilma
[1]; 
Nakanishi, Tomoko
[1]; 
Jones, Samuel E.
[1]; 
Andrews, Shea J.
[2]; 
Karjalainen, Juha
[1]; 
Cortés, Beatriz
[3]; 
O'Brien, Heath E.
[4]; 
Ochoa-Guzman, Ana
[5]; 
Fulton-Howard, Brian E.
[6]; 
Broberg, Martin
[1]; 
Haapaniemi, Hele H.
[1]; 
Kanai, Masahiro
[7]; 
Pirinen, Matti
[1]; 
Schmidt, Axel
[8]; 
Mitchell, Ruth E.
[9]; 
Mousas, Abdou
[10]; 
Mangino, Massimo
[11]; 
Huerta-Chagoya, Alicia
[7]; 
Sinnott-Armstrong, Nasa
[12]; 
Cirulli, Elizabeth T.
[13]; 
Vaudel, Marc
[14]; 
Kwong, Alex S. F.
[15]; 
Maiti, Amit K.
[16]; 
Marttila, Minttu M.
[1]; 
Posner, Daniel C.
[17]; 
Rodriguez, Alexis A.
[18]; 
Batini, Chiara
[19]; 
Minnai, Francesca
[20]; 
Dearman, Anna R.
[21]; 
Warmerdam, C. A. Robert
[22]; 
Sequeros, Celia B.
[23]; 
Winkler, Thomas W.
[24]; 
Jordan, Daniel M.
[6]; 
Rešcenko, Raimonds
[25]; 
Miano, Lorenzo
[26]; 
Lane, Jacqueline M.
[27]; 
Chung, Ryan K.
[28]; 
Guillen-Guio, Beatriz
[19]; 
Leavy, Olivia C.
[19]; 
Carvajal-Silva, Laura
[29]; 
Aguilar-Valdés, Kevin
[29]; 
Frangione, Erika
[30]; 
Guare, Lindsay
[31]; 
Vergasova, Ekaterina
[32]; 
Marouli, Eirini
[33]; 
Striano, Pasquale
[34]; 
Zainulabid, Ummu Afeera
[35]; 
Kumar, Ashutosh
[36]; 
Ahmad, Hajar Fauzan
[37]; 
Edahiro, Ryuya
[38]; 
Azekawa, Shuhei
[39]; 
Maj, Carlo
[40]; 
Pensel, Max C.
[41]; 
Miller, Abigail
[8]; 
Nöthen, Markus M.
[8]; 
Behzad, Pari
[8]; 
Schultz, Sonja
[8]; 
Heggemann, Julia
[8]; 
Balla, Daniella
[8]; 
Morrison, David R.
[42]; 
Mooser, Vincent
[43]; 
Perley, Danielle
[43]; 
Ragoussis, Jiannis
[43]; 
Rousseau, Simon
[44]; 
Shi, Fangyi
[42]; 
Lathrop, G. Mark
[43]; 
Yanishevsky, Solomia
[43]; 
Laurent, Laetitia
[42]; 
Auld, Daniel
[43]; 
Bertrand, Mylene
[45]; 
Boisclair, Ariane
[43]; 
Bourque, Guillaume
[43]; 
Bujold, David
[43]; 
Durand, Madeleine
[46]; 
Adra, Darin
[42]; 
St-Cyr, Janick
[43]; 
Niemi, Mari E. K.
[1]; 
Iyengar, Sudha K.
[47]; 
Cai, Tianxi
[48]; 
Cho, Kelly
[49]; 
Sarvadhavabhatla, Sannidhi
[50]; 
Donaire, Maria Sophia
[50]; 
Valenzuela-Jorquera, Héctor
[51]; 
Lamoza, Eduardo
[29]; 
Arévalo, Tamara V.
[29]; 
Retamales-Ortega, Rocío
[29]; 
Sanhueza, Sergio
[52]; 
Selman, Carolina S.
[53]; 
Silva, Andrea X.
[54]; 
Alarcon, Teresa A.
[53]; 
Martínez, Matías F.
[55]; 
Quiroga, Romina
[52]; 
Zuñiga-Pacheco, Paula
[56]; 
Zapata-Contreras, Daniela
[57]; 
Yáñez, Cristian E.
[29]; 
Quiñones, Luis A.
[29]; 
Tobar-Calfucoy, Eduardo A.
[29]; 
Monardes-Ramírez, Virginia A.
[58]; 
Signore, Iskra A.
[29]; 
Guajardo, Lissette G.
[53]; 
Figueroa, Alvaro
[51]; 
Oróstica, Karen Y.
[59]; 
Muñoz, Christian A.
[60]; 
Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena
[61]; 
Bocchieri, Pamela
[29]; 
Cabrera, Camilo
[52]; 
Echeverria, Cesar A.
[62]; 
Cerpa, Leslie C.
[29]; 
Donoso, Gerardo
[63]; 
Gutiérrez-Richards, Scarlett
[60]; 
Nova-Lamperti, Estefania
[52]; 
Saez Hidalgo, Juan M.
[64]; 
[65]; 
Hignell, Benedict
[21]; 
Forgetta, Vince
[66]; 
Harvey, Nicholas R.
[11]; 
Erber, Johanna
[67]; 
Budde, Monika
[68]; 
Heilbronner, Urs
[68]; 
Larsson, Ing-Marie
[69]; 
Fricke, Lisa
[67]; 
Lipcsey, Miklos
[69]; 
Adorjan, Kristina
[68]; 
Maricic, Tomislav
[70]; 
Kalman, Janos L.
[68]; 
Dinkel, Andreas
[67]; 
Mueller, Nikola S.
[71]; 
Cordioli, Mattia
[1]; 
Protzer, Ulrike
[72]; 
Spinner, Christoph D.
[67]; 
Senner, Fanny
[68]; 
Frithiof, Robert
[69]; 
Wallin, Ewa
[69]; 
Winter, Christof
[67]; 
Schulze, Thomas G.
[68]; 
Schneider, Jochen
[67]; 
Wiltfang, Jens
[73]; 
Papiol, Sergi
[68]; 
Kripke, Colleen M.
[74]; 
Verma, Anurag
[74]; 
Ritchie, Marylyn D.
[31]; 
Rader, Daniel J.
[74]; 
Trogstad, Lill
[75]; 
Duran-Gomez, Michelle
[5]; 
Pajukanta, Päivi
[76]; 
Moreno-Macias, Hortensia
[77]; 
Lee, Seung Hyuk T.
[76]; 
Aguilar Salinas, Carlos A.
[5]; 
Castaño-Vinyals, Gemma
[78]; 
Kogevinas, Manolis
[78]; 
Farré, Xavier
[3]; 
Carreras, Anna
[79]; 
Dobaño, Carlota
[78]; 
Blay, Natalia
[3]; 
Garcia-Aymerich, Judith
[78]; 
Blasco, Alba
[79]; 
Moncunill, Gemma
[78]; 
Iraola-Guzmán, Susana
[3]; 
de Cid, Rafael
[3]; 
Guyatt, Anna L.
[19]; 
Mortensen, Anne Sofie B.
[80]; 
Feenstra, Bjarke
[81]; 
Westergaard, David
[23]; 
Brunak, Søren
[23]; 
Ostrowski, Sisse R.
[80]; 
Simons, Nicole W.
[6]; 
Sloofman, Laura G.
[6]; 
Charney, Alexander W.
[6]; 
Thompson, Ryan C.
[6]; 
NamKoong, Ho
[39]; 
Amirsavadkouhi, Ali
[82]; 
Tadi, Hengameh Ansari
[83]; 
Sharififard, Bahareh
[84]; 
Soltani, Nastaran
[83]; 
Zarei, Vahideh
[83]; 
Aliannejad, Rasoul
[85]; 
Ntzani, Evangelia
[10]; 
Evangelou, Evangelos
[10]; 
Liontos, Angelos
[86]; 
Tzoulaki, Ioanna
[87]; 
Milionis, Haralampos
[86]; 
Christaki, Eirini
[86]; 
Schiabor Barrett, Kelly M.
[13]; 
Bolze, Alexandre
[13]; 
Dabe, Shaun
[88]; 
Neveux, Iva
[89]; 
White, Simon
[13]; 
Washington, Nicole L.
[13]; 
Sandoval, Efren
[13]; 
Tanudjaja, Francisco
[13]; 
Kamelin, Alexei
[32]; 
Ilinsky, Valery
[90]; 
Kharitonov, Dmitrii
[32]; 
Kim, Anna
[32]; 
Plotnikov, Nikolay
[32]; 
Shaheen, Layal
[32]; 
Trofimov, Michil
[32]; 
Ilinskaya, Anna
[90]; 
Hannah, Thompson
[4]; 
Colombo, Francesca
[20]; 
Baldassarri, Margherita
[91]; 
Zguro, Kristina
[91]; 
Fallerini, Chiara
[91]; 
Furini, Simone
[92]; 
Maher, Matthew
[93]; 
Cherry, Jakob M.
[27]; 
Burns, Angus C.
[27]; 
Saxena, Richa
[93]; 
Klovinš, Janis
[25]; 
Briviba, Monta
[25]; 
Raitis, Peculis
[25]; 
Rovite, Vita
[25]; 
Elliott, Lloyd T.
[94]; 
Taher, Jennifer
[30]; 
Xinyi, Xu
[30]; 
Vishnyakova, Olga
[94]; 
Karlsen, Tom Hemming
[95]; 
Blasi, Francesco Bruno Arturo
[26]; 
Blandini, Fabio
[96]; 
Bandera, Alessandra
[26]; 
Degenhardt, Frauke
[97]; 
Nobili, Alessandro
[98]; 
Montano, Nicola
[26]; 
Iannotti, Nathalie
[96]; 
Ellinghaus, David
[97]; 
Franke, Andre
[97]; 
Mantero, Marco
[96]; 
Lamorte, Giuseppe
[96]; 
Malvestiti, Francesco
[26]; 
Margarita, Sara
[96]; 
Muscatello, Antonio
[96]; 
Carpani, Rossana
[96]; 
Peyvandi, Flora
[26]; 
Prati, Daniele
[96]; 
Ronzoni, Luisa
[96]; 
Tettamanti, Mauro
[98]; 
Kukkonen, Arne
[99]; 
Luoh, Shiuh-Wen
[49]; 
Erikstrup, Christian
[100]; 
Pedersen, Ole B. V.
[101]; 
Lerner-Ellis, Jordan
[30]; 
Colombo, Alicia
[29]; 
Grzymski, Joseph J.
[102]; 
Ishii, Makoto
[39]; 
Okada, Yukinori
[38]; 
Beckmann, Noam D.
[6]; 
Kumari, Meena
[21]; 
Wagner, Ralf
[24]; 
Heid, Iris M.
[24]; 
John, Catherine
[19]; 
Short, Patrick J.
[4]; 
Magnus, Per
[75]; 
Ansone, Laura
[25]; 
Valenti, Luca V. C.
[26]; 
Lee, Sulggi A.
[50]; 
Wain, Louise V.
[19]; 
Verdugo, Ricardo A.
[29]; 
Banasik, Karina
[23]; 
Geller, Frank
[81]; 
Franke, Lude H.
[22]; 
Rakitko, Alexander
[32]; 
Duncan, Emma L.
[95]; 
Renieri, Alessandra
[91]; 
Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.
[10]; 
de Cid, Rafael
[3]; 
Niavarani, Ahmadreza
[84]; 
Abner, Erik
[99]; 
Tusié-Luna, Teresa
[103]; 
Verma, Shefali S.
[31]; 
Smith, George Davey
[9]; 
Timpson, Nicholas J.
[9]; 
Madduri, Ravi K.
[18]; 
Daly, Mark J.
[1]; 
Ganna, Andrea
[1]; 
Schulte, Eva C.
[104]; 
Richards, J. Brent
[43]; 
Ludwig, Kerstin U.
[8]; 
Marks-Hultström, Michael
[85]; 
Zeberg, Hugo
[70]; 
Ollila, Hanna M.
[1]
  • 1
    Helsingin Yliopisto
  • 2
    University of California, San Francisco
  • 3
    Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP)
  • 4
    SANO GENETICS LIMITED
  • 5
    Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran
  • 6
    Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
  • 7
    Broad Institute
  • 8
    Universitätsklinikum Bonn
  • 9
    MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit
  • 10
    Faculty of Medicine
  • 11
    King's College London
  • 12
    Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
  • 13
    Helix
  • 14
    Universitetet i Bergen
  • 15
    Edinburgh Medical School
  • 16
    Mydnavar
  • 17
    VA Boston Healthcare System
  • 18
    Argonne National Laboratory
  • 19
    University of Leicester
  • 20
    Institute of Biomedical Technologies-CNR
  • 21
    Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex
  • 22
    Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
  • 23
    Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research
  • 24
    Universität Regensburg
  • 25
    Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre
  • 26
    Università degli Studi di Milano
  • 27
    Brigham and Women's Hospital
  • 28
    University of California, Berkeley
  • 29
    Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile
  • 30
    Mount Sinai Hospital
  • 31
    University of Pennsylvania
  • 32
    Genotek Ltd.
  • 33
    Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
  • 34
    Istituto Giannina Gaslini
  • 35
    International Islamic University Malaysia
  • 36
    All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna
  • 37
    Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
  • 38
    Graduate School of Medicine
  • 39
    Keio University School of Medicine
  • 40
    Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Standort Marburg
  • 41
    Universität Bonn
  • 42
    Université McGill
  • 43
    McGill Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
  • 44
    L'Institut de Recherche du Centre Universitaire de Santé McGill
  • 45
    Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval
  • 46
    Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal
  • 47
    Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center
  • 48
    Harvard Medical School
  • 49
    Portland VA Medical Center
  • 50
    UCSF School of Medicine
  • 51
    Universidad Austral de Chile
  • 52
    Universidad de Concepcion
  • 53
    Fundación Arturo López Pérez
  • 54
    Vicerrectoría de Investigación Desarrollo y Creación Artística
  • 55
    Universidad de Chile
  • 56
    Universidad de Magallanes  
  • 57
    Centro Asistencial Docente e Investigación  
  • 58
    Hospital del Salvador
  • 59
    Universidad de Talca
  • 60
    Universidad de Antofagasta
  • 61
    Universidad de Tarapacá
  • 62
    Universidad de Atacama
  • 63
    Hospital Clínico Universidad De Chile
  • 64
    Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas de la Universidad de Chile
  • 65
    Escuela de Medicina  
  • 66
    Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie de l’Université de Montréal
  • 67
    Klinikum Rechts der Isar
  • 68
    Klinikum der Universität München
  • 69
    Uppsala Universitet
  • 70
    Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionäre Anthropologie
  • 71
    Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health
  • 72
    TUM Fakultät für Medizin
  • 73
    Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
  • 74
    Penn Medicine
  • 75
    Folkehelseinstituttet
  • 76
    David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
  • 77
    Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
  • 78
    Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona
  • 79
    Genomes for Life-GCAT lab
  • 80
    Rigshospitalet
  • 81
    Statens Serum Institut
  • 82
    Noorafshar Hospital
  • 83
    Shariati Hospital
  • 84
    Digestive Oncology Research Center
  • 85
    School of Medicine
  • 86
    University General Hospital of Ioannina
  • 87
    Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens
  • 88
    Renown Health
  • 89
    University of Nevada, Reno
  • 90
    Eligens SIA
  • 91
    Università degli Studi di Siena
  • 92
    Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena
  • 93
    Massachusetts General Hospital
  • 94
    Simon Fraser University
  • 95
    Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
  • 96
    Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
  • 97
    Universitetet i Oslo
  • 98
    Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri
  • 99
    Tartu Ülikooli Genoomika Instituut
  • 100
    Aarhus Universitetshospital
  • 101
    Sjællands Universitetshospital
  • 102
    University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine
  • 103
    Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de la UNAM
  • 104
    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
DOI
Date Issued
2025-06-01
Type
Artículo
Journal
Nature Genetics
ISSN
1546-1718
1061-4036
Open Access
hybrid
Volume
57
Start page
1402
End page
1417
Links
Infections can lead to persistent symptoms and diseases such as shingles after varicella zoster or rheumatic fever after streptococcal infections. Similarly, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) infection can result in long coronavirus disease (COVID), typically manifesting as fatigue, pulmonary symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. The biological mechanisms behind long COVID remain unclear. We performed a genome-wide association study for long COVID including up to 6,450 long COVID cases and 1,093,995 population controls from 24 studies across 16 countries. We discovered an association of FOXP4 with long COVID, independent of its previously identified association with severe COVID-19. The signal was replicated in 9,500 long COVID cases and 798,835 population controls. Given the transcription factor FOXP4's role in lung physiology and pathology, our findings highlight the importance of lung function in the pathophysiology of long COVID.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Attribution 4.0 International
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