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A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Legate, Nicole
[1]; 
Nguyen, Thuy-vy
[2]; 
Weinstein, Netta
[3]; 
Moller, Arlen
[1]; 
Legault, Lisa
[4]; 
Vally, Zahir
[5]; 
Tajchman, Zuzanna
[6]; 
Zsido, Andras N.
[7]; 
Zrimsek, Miha
[8]; 
Chen, Zhang
[9]; 
Ziano, Ignazio
[10]; 
Gialitaki, Zoi
; 
Ceary, Chris D.
[11]; 
Jang, Yuna
; 
Lin, Yijun
[12]; 
Kunisato, Yoshihiko
[13]; 
Yamada, Yuki
[14]; 
Xiao, Qinyu
[15]; 
Jiang, Xiaoming
[16]; 
Du, Xinkai
[17]; 
Yao, Elvin
[18]; 
Ryan, William S.
[19]; 
Wilson, John Paul
[20]; 
Cyrus-Lai, Wilson
[21]; 
Jimenez-Leal, William
[22]; 
Law, Wilbert
[23]; 
Unanue, Wenceslao
[24]; 
Collins, W. Matthew
[25]; 
Richard, Karley L.
[11]; 
Vranka, Marek
[26]; 
Ankushev, Vladislav
[27]; 
Schei, Vidar
[28]; 
Lerche, Veronika
[29]; 
Kovic, Vanja
[30]; 
Krizanic, Valerija
[31]; 
Kadreva, Veselina Hristova
[32]; 
Adoric, Vera Cubela
[33]; 
Tran, Ulrich S.
[34]; 
Yeung, Siu Kit
[15]; 
Hassan, Widad
[35]; 
Houston, Ralph
; 
Machin, Michael A.
[36]; 
Lima, Tiago J. S.
[37]; 
Ostermann, Thomas
[38]; 
Frizzo, Thomas
[28]; 
Sverdrup, Therese E.
; 
House, Thea
[39]; 
Gill, Tripat
[40]; 
Fedotov, Maksim
[41]; 
Paltrow, Tamar
; 
Jernsather, Teodor
[42]; 
Rahman, Tasnim
[43]; 
Machin, Tanya
[36]; 
Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria
[42]; 
Hostler, Thomas J.
[44]; 
Ishii, Tatsunori
[45]; 
Szaszi, Barnabas
[46]; 
Adamus, Sylwia
[47]; 
Suter, Lilian
[48]; 
von Bormann, Suparpit M.
[49]; 
Habib, Sumaiya
[43]; 
Studzinska, Anna
[50]; 
Stojanovska, Dragana
; 
Janssen, Steve M. J.
[51]; 
Stieger, Stefan
[52]; 
Schulenberg, Stefan E.
[53]; 
Tatachari, Srinivasan
[54]; 
Azouaghe, Soufian
[55]; 
Sorokowski, Piotr
[56]; 
Sorokowska, Agnieszka
[56]; 
Song, Xin
[6]; 
Morbee, Sofie
[9]; 
Lewis, Savannah
[57]; 
Sinkolova, Sladjana
[58]; 
Grigoryev, Dmitry
[27]; 
Drexler, Shira Meir
[59]; 
Daches, Shimrit
[60]; 
Levine, Shelby L.
[61]; 
Geniole, Shawn N.
[62]; 
Akter, Shahunur
[43]; 
Vracar, Selena
[30]; 
Massoni, Sebastien
[63]; 
Costa, Sebastiano
[64]; 
Zorjan, Sasa
[65]; 
Sarioguz, Eylul
[66]; 
Izquierdo, Sara Morales
[67]; 
Tshonda, Sarah Suzette
; 
Alves, Sara G.
[68]; 
Pontinen, Sara
[69]; 
Alvarez Solas, Sara
[70]; 
Ordonez-Riano, Santiago
[71]; 
Ocovaj, Sanja Batic
[72]; 
Onie, Sandersan
[73]; 
Lins, Samuel
[68]; 
Biberauer, Theresa
[74]; 
Coksan, Sami
[75]; 
Khumkom, Sakda
[49]; 
Sacakli, Asli
; 
Ruiz-Fernandez, Susana
[76]; 
Geiger, Sandra J.
[17]; 
Modares, Saeideh Fatah
[77]; 
Walczak, Radoslaw B.
[78]; 
Betlehem, Ruben
[31]; 
Vilar, Roosevelt
[79]; 
Carcamo, Rodrigo A.
[80]; 
Ross, Robert M.
[39]; 
McCarthy, Randy
[81]; 
Ballantyne, Tonia
[11]; 
Westgate, Erin C.
[12]; 
Ryan, Richard M.
[82]; 
Gargurevich, Rafael
[83]; 
Afhami, Reza
[84]; 
Ren, Dongning
[85]; 
Monteiro, Renan P.
[86]; 
Reips, Ulf-Dietrich
[87]; 
Reggev, Niv
[88]; 
Calin-Jagema, Robert J.
[89]; 
Pourafshari, Razieh
[90]; 
Oliveira, Raquel
[91]; 
Nedelcheva-Datsova, Mina
[92]; 
Rahal, Rima-Maria
[93]; 
Ribeiro, Rafael R.
[91]; 
Radtke, Theda
[94]; 
Searston, Rachel
[95]; 
Jai-ai, Rachadaporn
[49]; 
Habte, Redeate
[96]; 
Zdybek, Przemyslaw
[78]; 
Chen, Sau-Chin
[97]; 
Wajanatinapart, Piyaorn
[49]; 
Maturan, Princess Lovella G.
[98]; 
Perillo, Jennifer T.
[11]; 
Isager, Peder Mortvedt
[99]; 
Kacmar, Pavol
[100]; 
Manuel Macapagal, Paulo
[101]; 
Maniaci, Michael R.
[12]; 
Szwed, Paulina
[47]; 
Hanel, Paul H. P.
[102]; 
Forbes, Paul A. G.
[34]; 
Arriaga, Patricia
[91]; 
Paris, Bastien
[103]; 
Parashar, Neha
[104]; 
Papachristopoulos, Konstantinos
[105]; 
Sebastian Correa, Pablo
[106]; 
Kacha, Ondrej
[74]; 
Bernardo, Marcia
[68]; 
Campos, Olatz
[107]; 
Bravo, Olalla Nino
; 
Galindo-Caballero, Oscar J.
[22]; 
Ogbonnaya, Chisom Esther
[108]; 
Bialobrzeska, Olga
[109]; 
Kiselnikova, Natalia
[110]; 
Simonovic, Nicolle
[57]; 
Cohen, Noga
[111]; 
Nock, Nora L.
[57]; 
Hernandez, Alejandrina
[112]; 
Thogersen-Ntouma, Cecilie
[113]; 
Ntoumanis, Nikos
[113]; 
Johannes, Niklas
[114]; 
Albayrak-Aydemir, Nihan
[115]; 
Say, Nicolas
[116]; 
Neubauer, Andreas B.
[117]; 
Martin, Neil I.
[36]; 
Torunsky, Nathan
[6]; 
van Antwerpen, Natasha
[95]; 
Van Doren, Natalia
[118]; 
Sunami, Naoyuki
[119]; 
Rachev, Nikolay R.
[92]; 
Majeed, Nadyanna M.
[120]; 
Schmidt, Nadya-Daniela
[121]; 
Nadif, Khaoula
; 
Corral-Frias, Nadia S.
[122]; 
Ouherrou, Nihal
[123]; 
Abbas, Nida
[96]; 
Pantazi, Myrto
[114]; 
Lucas, Marc Y.
[122]; 
Vasilev, Martin R.
[124]; 
Victoria Ortiz, Maria
[106]; 
Butt, Muhammad Mussaffa
[125]; 
Kurfali, Murathan
[42]; 
Kabir, Muhib
[126]; 
Muda, Rafal
[127]; 
Tejada Rivera, Maria del Carmen
; 
Sirota, Miroslav
; 
Seehuus, Martin
; 
Parzuchowski, Michal
; 
Toro, Monica
[128]; 
Hricova, Monika
[100]; 
Maldonado, Monica Alarcon
; 
Rentzelas, Panagiotis
[115]; 
Vansteenkiste, Maarten
[9]; 
Metz, Molly A.
[19]; 
Marszalek, Magdalena
[109]; 
Karekla, Maria
[129]; 
Mioni, Giovanna
[130]; 
Bosma, Minke Jasmijn
[17]; 
Westerlund, Minja
[69]; 
Vdovic, Milica
[131]; 
Bialek, Michal
[56]; 
Silan, Miguel A.
[98]; 
Anne, Michele
[51]; 
Misiak, Michal
[56]; 
Gugliandolo, Maria C.
[132]; 
Grinberg, Maurice
[32]; 
Capizzi, Mariagrazia
[133]; 
Espinoza Barria, Mauricio F.
[128]; 
Kurfali, Merve A.
[134]; 
Mensink, Michael C.
[135]; 
Harutyunyan, Mikayel
[26]; 
Khosla, Meetu
[136]; 
Dunn, Megan R.
[1]; 
Korbmacher, Max
[137]; 
Adamkovic, Matus
[138]; 
Felix Ribeiro, Matheus Fernando
[37]; 
Terskova, Maria
[27]; 
Hruska, Matej
[139]; 
Martoncik, Marcel
[138]; 
Voracek, Martin
[34]; 
Cadek, Martin
[140]; 
Frias-Armenta, Martha
[122]; 
Kowal, Marta
[56]; 
Topor, Marta
[141]; 
Roczniewska, Marta
[142]; 
Oosterlinck, Marlies
; 
Kohlova, Marketa Braun
[26]; 
Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola
[143]; 
Sabristov, Marina
; 
Romanova, Marina
[27]; 
Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta
[144]; 
Lund, Maria Louise
[145]; 
Antoniadi, Maria
[129]; 
Magrin, Maria Elena
[146]; 
Jones, Marc V.
[44]; 
Li, Manyu
[147]; 
Ortiz, Manuel S.
[148]; 
Manavalan, Mathi
[6]; 
Muminov, Abdumalik
; 
Kossowska, Malgorzata
; 
Friedemann, Maja
[114]; 
Wielgus, Magdalena
[47]; 
van Hooff, Madelon L. M.
[149]; 
Varella, Marco A. C.
[150]; 
Standage, Martyn
[151]; 
Nicolotti, Matilde
[146]; 
Colloff, Melissa F.
[152]; 
Bradford, Maria
[22]; 
Vaughn, Leigh Ann
[153]; 
Eudave, Luis
[154]; 
Vieira, Luc
[155]; 
Lu, Jackson G.
[156]; 
Sanabria Pineda, Lina Maria
[22]; 
Matos, Lennia
[83]; 
Calderon Perez, Laura
[22]; 
Lazarevic, Ljiljana B.
[30]; 
Jaremka, Lisa M.
[119]; 
Smit, Eline Suzanne
[17]; 
Kushnir, Elizaveta
; 
Ferguson, Lisa J.
[157]; 
Anton-Boicuk, Lisa
[34]; 
Coelho, Gabriel Lins de Holanda
[158]; 
Ahlgren, Lina
[69]; 
Liga, Francesca
[132]; 
Levitan, Carmel A.
[159]; 
Micheli, Leticia
[160]; 
Gunton, Lesley-Ann
[157]; 
Volz, Leonhard
[17]; 
Stojanovska, Marija
[58]; 
Boucher, Leanne
[25]; 
Samojlenko, Lara
[161]; 
Javela Delgado, Lady Grey
[162]; 
Kaliska, Lada
[163]; 
Beatrix, Labadi
[164]; 
Warmelink, Lara
[165]; 
Miguel Rojas-Berscia, Luis
[166]; 
Yu, Karen
[167]; 
Wylie, Keith
[168]; 
Wachowicz, Jakub
; 
Desai, Kermeka
[11]; 
Barzykowski, Krystian
[47]; 
Kozma, Luca
[164]; 
Evans, Kortnee
[169]; 
Kirgizova, Komila
; 
Agesin, Bamikole B. Emmanuel
[170]; 
Koehn, Monica A.
[171]; 
Wolfe, Kelly
[172]; 
Korobova, Tatiana
[173]; 
Morris, Katherine
[174]; 
Klevjer, Kristoffer
[175]; 
van Schie, Kevin
[176]; 
Vezirian, Kevin
[103]; 
Damnjanovic, Kaja
[30]; 
Thommesen, Katrine Krabbe
[177]; 
Schmidt, Kathleen
[178]; 
Filip, Katarzyna
[47]; 
Staniaszek, Karolina
; 
Grzech, Karolina
[179]; 
Hoyer, Karlijn
[85]; 
Moon, Karis
[180]; 
Khaobunmasiri, Sirikon
[49]; 
Rana, Kafeel
[125]; 
Janjic, Kristina
[58]; 
Suchow, Jordan W.
[181]; 
Kielinska, Julita
[47]; 
Cruz Vasquez, Julio E.
[22]; 
Chanal, Julien
[182]; 
Beitner, Julia
[183]; 
Camilo Vargas-Nieto, Juan
[22]; 
Roxas, Jose Carlos T.
[98]; 
Taber, Jennifer
[57]; 
Urriago-Rayo, Joan
; 
Pavlacic, Jeffrey M.
[53]; 
Benka, Jozef
[100]; 
Bavolar, Jozef
[100]; 
Soto, Jose A.
[118]; 
Olofsson, Jonas K.
[42]; 
Vilsmeier, Johannes K.
[34]; 
Messerschmidt, Johanna
[184]; 
Czamanski-Cohen, Johanna
[111]; 
Waterschoot, Joachim
[9]; 
Moss, Jennifer D.
[168]; 
Boudesseul, Jordane
[185]; 
Lee, Jeong Min
[186]; 
Kamburidis, Julia
[92]; 
Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A.
[187]; 
Zickfeld, Janis
[188]; 
Miranda, Jacob F.
[189]; 
Verharen, Jeroen P. H.
[190]; 
Hristova, Evgeniya
[32]; 
Beshears, Julie E.
[191]; 
Djordjevic, Jasna Milosevic
[131]; 
Bosch, Jasmijn
[146]; 
Valentova, Jaroslava Varella
[150]; 
Antfolk, Jan
[69]; 
Berkessel, Jana B.
[192]; 
Schrotter, Jana
[100]; 
Urban, Jan
[26]; 
Roeer, Jan Philipp
[38]; 
Norton, James O.
[169]; 
Silva, Jaime R.
[128]; 
Pickering, Jade S.
[193]; 
Vintr, Jachym
[26]; 
Uttley, Jim
[194]; 
Kunst, Jonas R.
[145]; 
Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu L. G.
[108]; 
Iyer, Aishwarya
[104]; 
Vilares, Iris
[6]; 
Ivanov, Aleksandr
[27]; 
Ropovik, Ivan
[26]; 
Sula, Isabela
; 
Sarieva, Irena
[27]; 
Metin-Orta, Irem
[195]; 
Prusova, Irina
[27]; 
Pinto, Isabel
[68]; 
Bozdoc, Andreea Ioana
[196]; 
Almeida, Ines A. T.
[197]; 
Pit, Ilse L.
[114]; 
Dalgar, Ilker
[198]; 
Zakharov, Ilya
[110]; 
Arinze, Azuka Ikechukwu
[108]; 
Ihaya, Keiko
[199]; 
Stephen, Ian D.
[200]; 
Gjoneska, Biljana
[201]; 
Brohmer, Hilmar
[202]; 
Flowe, Heather
[152]; 
Godbersen, Hendrik
[76]; 
Kocalar, Halil Emre
[203]; 
Hedgebeth, Mattie V.
[187]; 
Chuan-Peng, Hu
[204]; 
Sharifian, MohammadHasan
[90]; 
Manley, Harry
[205]; 
Akkas, Handan
[206]; 
Hajdu, Nandor
[46]; 
Azab, Habiba
[207]; 
Kaminski, Gwenael
[208]; 
Nilsonne, Gustav
[42]; 
Anjum, Gulnaz
[209]; 
Travaglino, Giovanni A.
[115]; 
Feldman, Gilad
[15]; 
Pfuhl, Gerit
[175]; 
Czarnek, Gabriela
[47]; 
Marcu, Gabriela Mariana
[196]; 
Hofer, Gabriela
[202]; 
Banik, Gabriel
[138]; 
Adetula, Gabriel Agboola
[170]; 
Bijlstra, Gijsbert
[149]; 
Verbruggen, Frederick
[9]; 
Kung, Franki Y. H.
[210]; 
Martela, Frank
[211]; 
Foroni, Francesco
[82]; 
Forest, Jacques
[212]; 
Singer, Gage
[11]; 
Muchembled, Fany
[213]; 
Azevedo, Flavio
[214]; 
Mosannenzadeh, Farnaz
[149]; 
Marinova, Evelina
[92]; 
Strukelj, Eva
[66]; 
Etebari, Zahra
[215]; 
Bradshaw, Emma L.
[82]; 
Baskin, Ernest
[216]; 
Luis Garcia, Elkin Oswaldo
[154]; 
Musser, Erica
[12]; 
van Steenkiste, I. M. M.
[217]; 
Ahn, El Rim
[12]; 
Quested, Eleanor
[218]; 
Pronizius, Ekaterina
[34]; 
Jackson, Emily A.
[11]; 
Manunta, Efisio
[208]; 
Agadullina, Elena
[27]; 
Sakan, Dusana
[72]; 
Dursun, Pinar
[219]; 
Dujols, Olivier
[103]; 
Dubrov, Dmitrii
[27]; 
Willis, Megan
[82]; 
Tumer, Murat
[220]; 
Beaudry, Jennifer L.
[221]; 
Popovic, Dora
[222]; 
Dunleavy, Daniel
[12]; 
Djamai, Ikhlas
[55]; 
Krupic, Dino
[31]; 
Herrera, Dora
[83]; 
Vega, Diego
[223]; 
Du, Hongfei
[224]; 
Mola, Debora
[106]; 
Chakarova, Desislava
[32]; 
Davis, William E.
[57]; 
Holford, Dawn Liu
[102]; 
Lewis, David M. G.
[169]; 
Vaidis, David C.
[155]; 
Ozery, Daphna Hausman
[225]; 
Zambrano Ricaurte, Danilo
[226]; 
Storage, Daniel
[227]; 
Sousa, Daniela
[197]; 
Serrato Alvarez, Daniela
[226]; 
Boller, Daniel
[228]; 
Dalla Rosa, Anna
[130]; 
Dimova, Daliborka
[58]; 
Krupic, Dajana
[229]; 
Marko, Dafne
[8]; 
Moreau, David
[230]; 
Reeck, Crystal
[118]; 
Correia, Rita C.
[68]; 
Whitt, Cassie M.
[189]; 
Lamm, Claus
[34]; 
Solorzano, Claudio Singh
[66]; 
von Bastian, Claudia C.
[194]; 
Sutherland, Clare A. M.
[231]; 
Overkott, Clara
[232]; 
Aberson, Christopher L.
[233]; 
Wang, Chunhui
[234]; 
Niemiec, Christopher P.
[235]; 
Karashiali, Christiana
[129]; 
Noone, Chris
[236]; 
Chiu, Faith
[102]; 
Picciocchi, Chiara
[237]; 
Brownlow, Charlotte
[36]; 
Karaarslan, Cemre
[238]; 
Cellini, Nicola
[130]; 
Esteban-Serna, Celia
[115]; 
Reyna, Cecilia
[106]; 
Ferreyra, Cecilia
[83]; 
Batres, Carlota
[239]; 
Li, Ranran
[240]; 
Grano, Caterina
[66]; 
Carpentier, Joelle
[212]; 
Tamnes, Christian K.
[145]; 
Fu, Cynthia H. Y.
[241]; 
Ishkhanyan, Byurakn
[188]; 
Bylinina, Lisa
[242]; 
Jaeger, Bastian
[85]; 
Bundt, Carsten
[145]; 
Allred, Tara Bulut
[30]; 
Vermote, Branko J.
[9]; 
Bokkour, Ahmed
[55]; 
Bogatyreva, Natalia
[27]; 
Shi, Jiaxin
[15]; 
Chopik, William J.
[243]; 
Antazo, Benedict
[244]; 
Behzadnia, Behzad
[245]; 
Becker, Maja
[208]; 
Bayyat, Manal M.
[246]; 
Cocco, Beatrice
; 
Chou, Wei-Lun
[247]; 
Barkoukis, Vassilis
[248]; 
Hubena, Barbora
; 
Zuro, Barbara
[31]; 
Aczel, Balazs
[46]; 
Baklanova, Ekaterina
[249]; 
Bai, Hui
[250]; 
Balci, Busra Bahar
[251]; 
Babincak, Peter
[138]; 
Soenens, Bart
[9]; 
Dixson, Barnaby James Wyld
[252]; 
Mokady, Aviv
[88]; 
Kappes, Heather Barry
[115]; 
Atari, Mohammad
[253]; 
Szala, Anna
[254]; 
Szabelska, Anna
[255]; 
Benzon Aruta, John Jamir
[256]; 
Domurat, Artur
[257]; 
Arinze, Nwadiogo Chisom
[108]; 
Modena, Arianna
[258]; 
Adiguzel, Arca
[203]; 
Monajem, Arash
[90]; 
El Arabi, Kanza Ait
[55]; 
Ozdogru, Asil Ali
[259]; 
Rothbaum, Alex O.
[57]; 
Olaya Torres, Adriana
[128]; 
Theodoropoulou, Andriana
[102]; 
Skowronek, Anna
; 
Jurkovic, Anita Penic
[260]; 
Singh, Anisha
[261]; 
Kassianos, Angelos P.
[262]; 
Findor, Andrej
[139]; 
Hartanto, Andree
[120]; 
Landry, Anais Thibault
[105]; 
Ferreira, Ana
[197]; 
Santos, Anabela Caetano
[263]; 
De la Rosa-Gomez, Anabel
[112]; 
Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Amelie
[180]; 
Luxon, Alexandria M.
[1]; 
Todsen, Anna Louise
[264]; 
Karababa, Alper
[203]; 
Janak, Allison
[265]; 
Pilato, Alice
[258]; 
Bran, Alexandre
[155]; 
Tullett, Alexa M.
[189]; 
Kuzminska, Anna O.
[266]; 
Krafnick, Anthony J.
[89]; 
Urooj, Anum
[267]; 
Khaoudi, Ahmed
[55]; 
Ahmed, Afroja
[268]; 
Groyecka-Bernard, Agata
[56]; 
Askelund, Adrian Dahl
[269]; 
Adetula, Adeyemi
[103]; 
Belaus, Anabel
[106]; 
Charyate, Abdelilah Ca
[270]; 
Wichman, Aaron L.
[271]; 
Stoyanova, Alina
[92]; 
Greenburgh, Anna
[115]; 
Thomas, Andrew G.
[272]; 
Arvanitis, Alexios
[273]; 
Forscher, Patrick S.
[103]; 
Mallik, Peter R.
[57]; 
Coles, Nicholas A.
[274]; 
Miller, Jeremy K.
[174]; 
Moshontz, Hannah
[135]; 
Urry, Heather L.
[275]; 
IJzerman, Hans
[103]; 
Basnight-Brown, Dana M.
[276]; 
Ebersole, Charles R.
[277]; 
Chartier, Christopher R.
[57]; 
Buchanan, Erin M.
[278]; 
Primbs, Maximilian A.
[149]
  • 1
    Illinois Institute of Technology
  • 2
    Durham University
  • 3
    University of Reading
  • 4
    Clarkson University
  • 5
    United Arab Emirates University
  • 6
    University of Minnesota System
  • 7
    University of Pecs
  • 8
    University of Ljubljana
  • 9
    Ghent University
  • 10
    Grenoble Ecole Management
  • 11
    Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE)
  • 12
    State University System of Florida
  • 13
    Senshu Univ
  • 14
    Kyushu University
  • 15
    University of Hong Kong
  • 16
    Shanghai International Studies University
  • 17
    University of Amsterdam
  • 18
    Claremont Colleges
  • 19
    University of Toronto
  • 20
    Montclair State University
  • 21
    INSEAD Business School
  • 22
    Universidad de los Andes (Colombia)
  • 23
    Education University of Hong Kong (EdUHK)
  • 24
    Universidad Adolfo Ibanez
  • 25
    Nova Southeastern University
  • 26
    Charles University Prague
  • 27
    HSE University (National Research University Higher School of Economics)
  • 28
    Norwegian School of Economics (NHH)
  • 29
    Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
  • 30
    University of Belgrade
  • 31
    University of JJ Strossmayer Osijek
  • 32
    New Bulgarian University
  • 33
    University of Zadar
  • 34
    University of Vienna
  • 35
    Univ East London
  • 36
    University of Southern Queensland
  • 37
    Universidade de Brasilia
  • 38
    Witten Herdecke Univ
  • 39
    Macquarie University
  • 40
    Wilfrid Laurier University
  • 41
    Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences
  • 42
    Stockholm University
  • 43
    University of Dhaka
  • 44
    Manchester Metropolitan University
  • 45
    Waseda University
  • 46
    Eotvos Lorand University
  • 47
    Jagiellonian University
  • 48
    ZHAW Zurich Univ Appl
  • 49
    Suranaree University of Technology
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DOI
Date Issued
2022-5-31
Type
Artículo
Journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
ISSN
0027-8424
1091-6490
Open Access
hybrid
Volume
119
Links
Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one's core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people's existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges.
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