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Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018

Shepherd, Andrew
[1]; 
Ivins, Erik
[2]; 
Rignot, Eric
[2]; 
Smith, Ben
[3]; 
van den Broeke, Michiel
[4]; 
Velicogna, Isabella
[2]; 
Whitehouse, Pippa
[5]; 
Briggs, Kate
[1]; 
Joughin, Ian
[3]; 
Krinner, Gerhard
[6]; 
Nowicki, Sophie
[2]; 
Payne, Tony
[7]; 
Scambos, Ted
[8]; 
Schlegel, Nicole
[2]; 
A, Geruo
[9]; 
Agosta, Cecile
[10]; 
Ahlstrom, Andreas
[11]; 
Babonis, Greg
[12]; 
Barletta, Valentina R.
[13]; 
Bjork, Anders A.
[14]; 
Blazquez, Alejandro
[15]; 
Bonin, Jennifer
[16]; 
Colgan, William
[11]; 
Csatho, Beata
[12]; 
Cullather, Richard
[2]; 
Engdahl, Marcus E.
[17]; 
Felikson, Denis
[2]; 
Fettweis, Xavier
[10]; 
Forsberg, Rene
[13]; 
Hogg, Anna E.
[1]; 
Gallee, Hubert
[6]; 
Gardner, Alex
[2]; 
Gilbert, Lin
[18]; 
Gourmelen, Noel
[19]; 
Groh, Andreas
[20]; 
Gunter, Brian
[21]; 
Hanna, Edward
[22]; 
Harig, Christopher
[23]; 
Helm, Veit
[24]; 
Horvath, Alexander
[25]; 
Horwath, Martin
[20]; 
Khan, Shfaqat
[13]; 
Kjeldsen, Kristian K.
[11]; 
Konrad, Hannes
[26]; 
Langen, Peter L.
[27]; 
Lecavalier, Benoit
[28]; 
Loomis, Bryant
[2]; 
Luthcke, Scott
[2]; 
McMillan, Malcolm
[29]; 
Melini, Daniele
[30]; 
Mernild, Sebastian
[31]; 
Mohajerani, Yara
[9]; 
Moore, Philip
[32]; 
Mottram, Ruth
[27]; 
Mouginot, Jeremie
[9]; 
Moyano, Gorka
[33]; 
Muir, Alan
[18]; 
Nagler, Thomas
[34]; 
Nield, Grace
[5]; 
Nilsson, Johan
[2]; 
Noel, Brice
[4]; 
Otosaka, Ines
[1]; 
Pattle, Mark E.
[33]; 
Peltier, W. Richard
[35]; 
Pie, Nadege
[36]; 
Rietbroek, Roelof
[37]; 
Rott, Helmut
[34]; 
Sorensen, Louise Sandberg
[13]; 
Sasgen, Ingo
[24]; 
Save, Himanshu
[36]; 
Scheuchl, Bernd
[9]; 
Schrama, Ernst
[38]; 
Schroeder, Ludwig
[20]; 
Seo, Ki-Weon
[39]; 
Simonsen, Sebastian B.
[13]; 
Slater, Thomas
[1]; 
Spada, Giorgio
[40]; 
Sutterley, Tyler
[9]; 
Talpe, Matthieu
[2]; 
Tarasov, Lev
[28]; 
van de Berg, Willem Jan
[4]; 
van der Walt, Wouter
[38]; 
van Wessem, Melchior
[4]; 
Vishwakarma, Bramha Dutt
[41]; 
Wiese, David
[2]; 
Wilton, David
[42]; 
Wagner, Thomas
[2]; 
Wouters, Bert
[4]; 
Wuite, Jan
[34]
  • 1
    Univ Leeds
  • 2
    National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
  • 3
    University of Washington
  • 4
    Utrecht University
  • 5
    Durham University
  • 6
    Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes
  • 7
    University of Bristol
  • 8
    University of Colorado System
  • 9
    University of California System
  • 10
    University of Liege
  • 11
    Geological Survey Of Denmark & Greenland
  • 12
    State University of New York (SUNY) System
  • 13
    Technical University of Denmark
  • 14
    University of Copenhagen
  • 15
    Universite de Toulouse
  • 16
    State University System of Florida
  • 17
    European Space Agency
  • 18
    University of Cambridge
  • 19
    University of Edinburgh
  • 20
    Technische Universitat Dresden
  • 21
    University System of Georgia
  • 22
    University of Lincoln
  • 23
    University of Arizona
  • 24
    Helmholtz Association
  • 25
    Technical University of Munich
  • 26
    Deutsch Wetterdienst
  • 27
    Danish Meteorological Institute DMI
  • 28
    Memorial University Newfoundland
  • 29
    Lancaster University
  • 30
    Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
  • 31
    Universidad de Magallanes  
  • 32
    Newcastle University - UK
  • 33
    isardSAT
  • 34
    ENVEO
  • 35
    University of Toronto
  • 36
    University of Texas System
  • 37
    University of Bonn
  • 38
    Delft University of Technology
  • 39
    Seoul National University (SNU)
  • 40
    University of Urbino
  • 41
    University of Stuttgart
  • 42
    University of Sheffield
DOI
Date Issued
2020-3
Type
ArtĆ­culo
Journal
Nature
ISSN
0028-0836
1476-4687
Open Access
green
Volume
579
Start page
233
End page
239
Links
The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in recent decades(1,2), and it is expected to continue to be so(3). Although increases in glacier flow(4-6) and surface melting(7-9) have been driven by oceanic(10-12) and atmospheric(13,14) warming, the magnitude and trajectory of the ice sheet's mass imbalance remain uncertain. Here we compare and combine 26 individual satellite measurements of changes in the ice sheet's volume, flow and gravitational potential to produce a reconciled estimate of its mass balance. The ice sheet was close to a state of balance in the 1990s, but annual losses have risen since then, peaking at 345 +/- 66 billion tonnes per year in 2011. In all, Greenland lost 3,902 +/- 342 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2018, causing the mean sea level to rise by 10.8 +/- 0.9 millimetres. Using three regional climate models, we show that the reduced surface mass balance has driven 1,964 +/- 565 billion tonnes (50.3 per cent) of the ice loss owing to increased meltwater runoff. The remaining 1,938 +/- 541 billion tonnes (49.7 per cent) of ice loss was due to increased glacier dynamical imbalance, which rose from 46 +/- 37 billion tonnes per year in the 1990s to 87 +/- 25 billion tonnes per year since then. The total rate of ice loss slowed to 222 +/- 30 billion tonnes per year between 2013 and 2017, on average, as atmospheric circulation favoured cooler conditions(15) and ocean temperatures fell at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbr AE(16). Cumulative ice losses from Greenland as a whole have been close to the rates predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for their high-end climate warming scenario(17), which forecast an additional 70 to 130 millimetres of global sea-level rise by 2100 compared with their central estimate.
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