Immune checkpoint inhibitors. A breakthrough in cancer therapy La inhibicion de los puntos de control inmunologico, una terapia en evolucion: remembranza del Premio Nobel de Medicina 2018
Cardenas-Oyarzo, Areli M.
Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins
Bocchieri-Oyarce, Pamela A.
Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile
Mendez-Laport, Cristian R.
Hospital Base Valdivia
Rios, Juvenal A.
Universidad San Sebastián
Journal
Revista Medica de Chile
ISSN
0717-6163
0034-9887
Open Access
gold
Volume
150
Start page
93
End page
99
Professors James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo were awarded with the 2018 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their contributions in cancer immunotherapy. The latter is a breakthrough in cancer therapy, aimed to overcome tumor- induced immunosuppression, leading to the reactivation of the immune system against cancer cells. Under physiological conditions, the CTLA-4 and PD-1 proteins expressed on T-cells and discovered by the awarded scientists, lead to immune tolerance. Cancer cells exploit these control points to enhance the inhibition of T-cells. The expression of PD ligands (PD-L1) in tumor cells and CTLA-4 ligands in antigen presenting cells, which bind the PD-1 receptor and CTLA-4 respectively, block anti-tumor immunity. This situation led to a biotechnological race focused on the development of effective antibodies able to "turn-on" the immune system cheated by the tumor. Anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies improve life-expectancy in cancer patients. In this review, we perform an historical overview of Professors Allison and Honjo contribution, as well as the immunological basis of this new and powerful therapeutic strategy, highlighting the clinical benefits of such intervention.
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