Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018
Shepherd, Andrew
Univ Leeds
Ivins, Erik
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Rignot, Eric
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Smith, Ben
University of Washington
van den Broeke, Michiel
Utrecht University
Velicogna, Isabella
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Whitehouse, Pippa
Durham University
Briggs, Kate
Univ Leeds
Joughin, Ian
University of Washington
Krinner, Gerhard
Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes
Nowicki, Sophie
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Payne, Tony
University of Bristol
Scambos, Ted
University of Colorado System
Schlegel, Nicole
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
A, Geruo
University of California System
Agosta, Cecile
University of Liege
Ahlstrom, Andreas
Geological Survey Of Denmark & Greenland
Babonis, Greg
State University of New York (SUNY) System
Barletta, Valentina R.
Technical University of Denmark
Bjork, Anders A.
University of Copenhagen
Blazquez, Alejandro
Universite de Toulouse
Bonin, Jennifer
State University System of Florida
Colgan, William
Geological Survey Of Denmark & Greenland
Csatho, Beata
State University of New York (SUNY) System
Cullather, Richard
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Engdahl, Marcus E.
European Space Agency
Felikson, Denis
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Fettweis, Xavier
University of Liege
Forsberg, Rene
Technical University of Denmark
Hogg, Anna E.
Univ Leeds
Gallee, Hubert
Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes
Gardner, Alex
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Gilbert, Lin
University of Cambridge
Gourmelen, Noel
University of Edinburgh
Groh, Andreas
Technische Universitat Dresden
Gunter, Brian
University System of Georgia
Hanna, Edward
University of Lincoln
Harig, Christopher
University of Arizona
Helm, Veit
Helmholtz Association
Horvath, Alexander
Technical University of Munich
Horwath, Martin
Technische Universitat Dresden
Khan, Shfaqat
Technical University of Denmark
Kjeldsen, Kristian K.
Geological Survey Of Denmark & Greenland
Konrad, Hannes
Deutsch Wetterdienst
Langen, Peter L.
Danish Meteorological Institute DMI
Lecavalier, Benoit
Memorial University Newfoundland
Loomis, Bryant
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Luthcke, Scott
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
McMillan, Malcolm
Lancaster University
Melini, Daniele
Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
Mohajerani, Yara
University of California System
Moore, Philip
Newcastle University - UK
Mottram, Ruth
Danish Meteorological Institute DMI
Mouginot, Jeremie
University of California System
Moyano, Gorka
isardSAT
Muir, Alan
University of Cambridge
Nagler, Thomas
ENVEO
Nield, Grace
Durham University
Nilsson, Johan
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Noel, Brice
Utrecht University
Otosaka, Ines
Univ Leeds
Pattle, Mark E.
isardSAT
Peltier, W. Richard
University of Toronto
Pie, Nadege
University of Texas System
Rietbroek, Roelof
University of Bonn
Rott, Helmut
ENVEO
Sorensen, Louise Sandberg
Technical University of Denmark
Sasgen, Ingo
Helmholtz Association
Save, Himanshu
University of Texas System
Scheuchl, Bernd
University of California System
Schrama, Ernst
Delft University of Technology
Schroeder, Ludwig
Technische Universitat Dresden
Seo, Ki-Weon
Seoul National University (SNU)
Simonsen, Sebastian B.
Technical University of Denmark
Slater, Thomas
Univ Leeds
Spada, Giorgio
University of Urbino
Sutterley, Tyler
University of California System
Talpe, Matthieu
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Tarasov, Lev
Memorial University Newfoundland
van de Berg, Willem Jan
Utrecht University
van der Walt, Wouter
Delft University of Technology
van Wessem, Melchior
Utrecht University
Vishwakarma, Bramha Dutt
University of Stuttgart
Wiese, David
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Wilton, David
University of Sheffield
Wagner, Thomas
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
Wouters, Bert
Utrecht University
Wuite, Jan
ENVEO
Journal
Nature
ISSN
0028-0836
1476-4687
Open Access
green
Volume
579
Start page
233
End page
239
The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in recent decades(1,2), and it is expected to continue to be so(3). Although increases in glacier flow(4-6) and surface melting(7-9) have been driven by oceanic(10-12) and atmospheric(13,14) warming, the magnitude and trajectory of the ice sheet's mass imbalance remain uncertain. Here we compare and combine 26 individual satellite measurements of changes in the ice sheet's volume, flow and gravitational potential to produce a reconciled estimate of its mass balance. The ice sheet was close to a state of balance in the 1990s, but annual losses have risen since then, peaking at 345 +/- 66 billion tonnes per year in 2011. In all, Greenland lost 3,902 +/- 342 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2018, causing the mean sea level to rise by 10.8 +/- 0.9 millimetres. Using three regional climate models, we show that the reduced surface mass balance has driven 1,964 +/- 565 billion tonnes (50.3 per cent) of the ice loss owing to increased meltwater runoff. The remaining 1,938 +/- 541 billion tonnes (49.7 per cent) of ice loss was due to increased glacier dynamical imbalance, which rose from 46 +/- 37 billion tonnes per year in the 1990s to 87 +/- 25 billion tonnes per year since then. The total rate of ice loss slowed to 222 +/- 30 billion tonnes per year between 2013 and 2017, on average, as atmospheric circulation favoured cooler conditions(15) and ocean temperatures fell at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbr AE(16). Cumulative ice losses from Greenland as a whole have been close to the rates predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for their high-end climate warming scenario(17), which forecast an additional 70 to 130 millimetres of global sea-level rise by 2100 compared with their central estimate.
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